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Reversible and Irreversible processes           A process which can be reversible i.e., operated in opposite direction from any state during the process such that the system returns to its initial state and their may be no effect on the surroundings. Thus at the end of the process both the system and…

Ideal gases       The term gas is applied to a particular phase of a pure substance which will fills the system boundary, and no change of phase takes place or is contemplated. They always exist in gaseous form. For this reason, they have been called permanent gases.           Perfect…

State, path and process State A state is condition of system and is specified by its properties. At a given state all the properties of a system have definite values Path Change of state of a system is the consequence of any operation in which properties will change. The series of states through which system…

Function as a correspondence   Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function ‘f ‘ from set A  to set B is a rule or method or correspondence which associates elements of set A to elements of set B such  that: Fig. 2(a) (i) all elements of set A are associated to…

Introduction about thermodynamics Energy is the capacity to do work energy cannot be created or destroyed but only can be changed into other forms (principle of conservation of energy). Thermodynamics mainly deals with interaction between heat and work (mechanical energy) and change in the property is associated with these interactions. The interaction between heat and…

Ordered pairs                An ordered pairs consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order.  For example, if A and B are any two sets, then by an ordered pair of elements we mean a pair (a, b) in that order, where a ∈ A, b ∈…