Open Interval

Function as a machine A function can also be regarded as a machine that gives unique output in set B corresponding to each input from the set A just as the function ‘machine’ shown in Fig. 2(b). Which generate an output  y = 2×3 + 5 for each input x. Fig. 2(b)          Usually real…

State, path and process State A state is condition of system and is specified by its properties. At a given state all the properties of a system have definite values Path Change of state of a system is the consequence of any operation in which properties will change. The series of states through which system…

Energy interaction (Transition)             An energy interaction or transition is said to occur or to exist between two systems when one system influences a sustains the state of the other system. Thermodynamics mainly studies the interactions between heat and work and associated property change of the system In otherwords Energy…

Power set  Let A be a set. Then the collection or family of all subsets of A is called the power set of A and is denoted by P(A). That is.  P(A) = { S : S ⊂ A }. Since the empty set and the set A itself are subsets of A and are…

First Law for a Closed System Undergoing a Quasi-static process In many occasions it is necessary to consider a system undergoing a process rather than a cycle. The equation, ∮ dQ − ∮ dW = 0 is applicable during the system undergoing a cycle, and algebraic sum of all energies transfer across the system boundary…

Union of sets Let A and B be two sets. The union of A and B is the set of all those elements which belong either to A or to B or to both A and B. We denote A union B by notation “A ∪ B” Thus  A∪B = { x : x ∈…