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Fig(iv)
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Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamic state is a condition of a system and is specified by its thermodynamic properties. Thermodynamic Equilibrium of a system is a state such that if the system is isolated from its surroundings no change in thermodynamic properties would occur. A system will be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium if the conditions…
First Law for a Closed System Undergoing a Quasi-static process In many occasions it is necessary to consider a system undergoing a process rather than a cycle. The equation, ∮ dQ − ∮ dW = 0 is applicable during the system undergoing a cycle, and algebraic sum of all energies transfer across the system boundary…
Conservation of Energy In the early part of 19th century the scientist developed the concept of energy and hypothesis that it can be neither created nor destroyed ; this come to be known as the law of the conservation of energy. The first law of thermodynamics is merely one statement of this…
State, path and process State A state is condition of system and is specified by its properties. At a given state all the properties of a system have definite values Path Change of state of a system is the consequence of any operation in which properties will change. The series of states through which system…
Venn diagrams The diagram drawn to represent sets are called Venn-diagram. In Venn-diagram the universal set U is represented by points within the rectangle and its subsets are represented points in closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle. If a set A is a subset of a set B, then the circles representing A is…
Universal set In any discussion in set theory, there always happens to be a set that contains all sets under consideration i.e. it is a super set of each of the given sets. Such a set is called the universal set and is denoted by U. Thus a set that contains all sets in a…
