First Law for a Closed System Undergoing a Quasi-static process In many occasions it is necessary to consider a system undergoing a process rather than a cycle. The equation, ∮ dQ − ∮ dW = 0 is applicable during the system undergoing a cycle, and algebraic sum of all energies transfer across the system boundary…
First Law of a Closed System Undergoing a Cycle : The first law of thermodynamics states that during any cycle a system undergoes the cyclic integral of heat is equal to the cyclic integral of the work. Fig.1 First Law of Thermodynamics To illustrates this, consider the gas as a system in…
First Law of Thermodynamics The first law thermodynamics is basically the law of conservation of energy, and it used in the analysis of system involving heat and work transfer. In general terms, the first law of thermodynamics states that the heat and work are mutually convertible The first law interrelate between…
Electrical Resistance Thermometer : Electrical resistance thermometer give accurate measurement of temperature. It is very sensitive and is suitable as a standard for calibration of other thermometers. In electrical resistance thermometer the change in the resistance of metallic (platinum) wire due to change in temperature is the thermometric property. The resistance of wire at any…
Equality and Inequality of Temperature | Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics | Gas Thermometer Equality of Temperature Two systems are said to have equal temperature if no change would occur in either system when they brought into contact with each other. Consider system A fitted with pressure gauge. If there is no change in pressure if…
Temperature Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness. Based on sensation temperature may be expressed qualitatively as hot warm or cold. However, it will not give exact numerical value to measure temperature. Fortunately, several properties of materials change with temperature in a repeatable and predictable way. This forms basis for accurate measurement of temperature…
Ideal gases The term gas is applied to a particular phase of a pure substance which will fills the system boundary, and no change of phase takes place or is contemplated. They always exist in gaseous form. For this reason, they have been called permanent gases. Perfect…
Pressure The molecules of a gas are in random motion. The rapidly moving molecules continually impact on the surface of the container and its effect is to produce a force over the surface. The force normal to unit area of surface is called pressure acting on the surface. The normal force exerted by the atmosphere…
SI (System of international) system of units The SI system consists of seven basic units and two supplementary units. These are represented in table 1 . The unit for other quantities are derived from the basic units which are given in table 2. It is convenient to use prefix to avoid the use of very…
Energy in a state Stored energy is the energy possessed by a system. Stored energy in the system is called energy in a state. It is associated with a state. It change depends only on the end states of the process and not on the path of…
