Function as a set of ordered pairs Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A relation f from A to B i.e a subset of A × B is called a function (or a mapping or a map) from A to B, if i) for each a ∈ A there exists b ∈ B…
Function as a correspondence Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function ‘f ‘ from set A to set B is a rule or method or correspondence which associates elements of set A to elements of set B such that: Fig. 2(a) (i) all elements of set A are associated to…
Function as a machine A function can also be regarded as a machine that gives unique output in set B corresponding to each input from the set A just as the function ‘machine’ shown in Fig. 2(b). Which generate an output y = 2×3 + 5 for each input x. Fig. 2(b) Usually real…
Ordered pairs An ordered pairs consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order. For example, if A and B are any two sets, then by an ordered pair of elements we mean a pair (a, b) in that order, where a ∈ A, b ∈…
Introduction about thermodynamics Energy is the capacity to do work energy cannot be created or destroyed but only can be changed into other forms (principle of conservation of energy). Thermodynamics mainly deals with interaction between heat and work (mechanical energy) and change in the property is associated with these interactions. The interaction between heat and…
Thermodynamic system Thermodynamic system is defined as quantity of matter or a region in a space chosen for study. Everything external to the system is called surroundings. The system is separated from the surroundings by the boundary that may be real or imaginary The boundary does not intervene between the system and surroundings. It only…
Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamic state is a condition of a system and is specified by its thermodynamic properties. Thermodynamic Equilibrium of a system is a state such that if the system is isolated from its surroundings no change in thermodynamic properties would occur. A system will be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium if the conditions…
State, path and process State A state is condition of system and is specified by its properties. At a given state all the properties of a system have definite values Path Change of state of a system is the consequence of any operation in which properties will change. The series of states through which system…
Reversible and Irreversible processes A process which can be reversible i.e., operated in opposite direction from any state during the process such that the system returns to its initial state and their may be no effect on the surroundings. Thus at the end of the process both the system and…
Quasi-static process A process during which the system remains nearly close to an equilibrium state is called Quasistatic process. In other words departure of the state of a system from Thermodynamic Equilibrium state will be Infinitesimally small. Quasi-static process Consider a system as shown in figure the system initially is in equilibrium state as weights…
