Union of sets

Reversible and Irreversible processes           A process which can be reversible i.e., operated in opposite direction from any state during the process such that the system returns to its initial state and their may be no effect on the surroundings. Thus at the end of the process both the system and…

Venn diagrams The diagram drawn to represent sets are called Venn-diagram. In Venn-diagram the universal set U is represented by points within the rectangle and its subsets are represented points in closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle. If a set A is a subset of a set B, then the circles representing A is…

Ideal gases       The term gas is applied to a particular phase of a pure substance which will fills the system boundary, and no change of phase takes place or is contemplated. They always exist in gaseous form. For this reason, they have been called permanent gases.           Perfect…

Intervals as subsets of R    Closed intervals  Let a and b be two given real numbers such that a < b. Then the set of all real numbers x such that a ≤ x ≤ b is called a closed interval and is denoted by [a, b] .   Thus,     [a, b] = {…

State, path and process State A state is condition of system and is specified by its properties. At a given state all the properties of a system have definite values Path Change of state of a system is the consequence of any operation in which properties will change. The series of states through which system…