Open Interval

Union of sets Let A and B be two sets. The union of A and B is the set of all those elements which belong either to A or to B or to both A and B. We denote A union B by notation “A ∪ B” Thus  A∪B = { x : x ∈…

Difference of sets Let A and B be two sets. The difference of A and B written as A – B, is the set of all those elements of A which do not belong to set B Thus A – B={ x : x ∈ A and x  ∉ B} or  A – B={ x…

Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamic state is a condition of a system and is specified by its thermodynamic properties. Thermodynamic Equilibrium of a system is a state such that if the system is isolated from its surroundings no change in thermodynamic properties would occur. A system will be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium if the conditions…

Reversible and Irreversible processes           A process which can be reversible i.e., operated in opposite direction from any state during the process such that the system returns to its initial state and their may be no effect on the surroundings. Thus at the end of the process both the system and…

Intervals as subsets of R    Closed intervals  Let a and b be two given real numbers such that a < b. Then the set of all real numbers x such that a ≤ x ≤ b is called a closed interval and is denoted by [a, b] .   Thus,     [a, b] = {…

Energy interaction (Transition)             An energy interaction or transition is said to occur or to exist between two systems when one system influences a sustains the state of the other system. Thermodynamics mainly studies the interactions between heat and work and associated property change of the system In otherwords Energy…